2014年黑龍江哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題

2014年黑龍江哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考博英語(yǔ)真題

General English Admission Test For Non-English Major

Ph.D. program

(Harbin Institute of Technology)

Part I Reading Comprehension (40 points) Passage 1

Questions 1 5 are bashed on the following passage.

The planet’s last intact expanses of forest are under siege. Eight thousand years ago, forests covered more than 23 million square miles, or about 40 percent of Earth’s land surface. Today, almost half of those forests have fallen to the ax, the chain saw, the matchstick, or the bulldozer.

A map unveiled in March by the Washington-based World Resources Institute not only shows the locations of former forests, but also assesses the condition of today’s forests worldwide. Institute researchers developed the map with the help of the World Conservation Monitoring Center, the World Wildlife Fund, and 90 forest experts at a variety of universities, government organizations, and environmental groups.

Only one-fifth of the remaining forests are still “frontier forests,” defined as relatively undisturbed natural forests large enough to support all of their native species. Frontier forests offer a number of benefits: They generate and maintain biodiversity, protect watersheds, prevent flooding and soil erosion, and stabilize climate.

Many large areas that have traditionally been classified as forest land don’t qualify as “frontier” because of human influences such as fire suppression and a patchwork of logging. “There’s surprisingly little intact forest left,” says research associate Dirk Bryant, the principal author of the report that accompanies the new map.

In the report, Bryant, Daniel Nielsen, and Laura Tangley divide the world into four groups:76 countries that have lost all of their frontier forest; 11 nations that are “on the edge”; 28 countries with “not much time”; and only

eight----including Canada, Russia, and Brazil-----that still have a “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower 48 states, says Bryant, “great opportunity” to keep most of their original forest. The United States is among the nations said to be running out of time: In the lower48 states, says Bryant, “only 1 percent of the forest that was once there as frontier forest qualifies today.”

Logging poses the biggest single threat to remaining frontier forests. “Our results suggest that 70 percent of frontier forests under threat are threatened by logging,” says Bryant. The practice of cutting timber also creates roads that cause erosion and open the forest to hunting, mining, firewood gathering, and land clearing for farms.

What can protect frontier forests? The researchers recommend combining preservation with sustainable land use practices such as tourism and selective timber extraction. “It’s possible to restore frontiers,” says Bryant, “but the cost and time required to do so would suggest that the smart approach is to husband the remaining frontier forest before it’s gone.”

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. The present situation of frontier forest on Earth.

B. The history of ecology.

C. The forest map in the past.

D. Beautiful forests in different parts of the world.

2. The word “unveiled” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _.

A. evaluated B. decorated C. designed D. made public

3. Frontier forests have which of the following benefits?

A. They keep climate stable.

B. They enhance timber industry.

C. They provide people with unique scenery.

D. They are of various types.

4. The phrase “on the edge” in Paragraph 5  probably means  .

A . surrounded by frontier forest

B. near frontier forest

C. about to lose their frontier forest

D. under pressure

5. According to the passage, roads created by timber-cutting make it possible for people to  .

A. travel to other places through the short –cut

B. exploit more forest land

C. find directions easily

D. protect former forests

......

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