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【托福聽(tīng)力】lecture的常見(jiàn)邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)

2024/12/28 1:29:46

備考托福過(guò)程中，大部分考生都意識(shí)到邏輯思維的重要性，事實(shí)上...

備考托福過(guò)程中，大部分考生都意識(shí)到邏輯思維的重要性，事實(shí)上邏輯思維貫穿了聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫(xiě)各個(gè)方面。同樣在做聽(tīng)力的過(guò)程中，我們要了解相應(yīng)的邏輯，知己知彼方能百戰(zhàn)百勝嘛，那接下來(lái)我們就來(lái)看看托福聽(tīng)力講座的常見(jiàn)幾種邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)吧:

1.在開(kāi)頭，教授會(huì)提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題，一般這個(gè)問(wèn)題在學(xué)術(shù)界是難以解決的；接下來(lái)，教授會(huì)分條列舉這個(gè)問(wèn)題在學(xué)術(shù)界的一些解決手段；最后得出結(jié)論，常見(jiàn)的2種結(jié)論要么是這個(gè)問(wèn)題被解決了，要么是這個(gè)問(wèn)題仍然懸而未決。Eg：Professor: It’s as if floating objects act as magnets for fish. The fish are attracted to them and just hang out there for extended periods. The behavior must serve some purpose, but what? Any ideas? Paul?Okay, before we get to any of those, let’s start with one of the first hypotheses researchers ever considered which was developed on the basis of the behavior of tuna, and that’s the meeting point hypothesis.Professor: Okay, the shelter from predators and food supply hypotheses. Well, juveniles from all species are more vulnerable to predators than adults are. And in many specie這篇lecture關(guān)于魚(yú)群聚集行為的問(wèn)題，給出了學(xué)術(shù)界不同的兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，一個(gè)是the meeting hypothesis，另一個(gè)是 the shelter from predators and food supply hypotheses。

2.首先，教授會(huì)告訴大家他所要介紹的物品是什么;然后，教授會(huì)對(duì)這個(gè)物品的作者、社會(huì)或歷史背景等方面進(jìn)行解讀；接下來(lái)同樣，教授可能會(huì)運(yùn)用舉例子的方式來(lái)介紹這個(gè)物品的特點(diǎn);最后有些時(shí)候，還會(huì)說(shuō)明它的意義和影響，甚至教授對(duì)此物品的看法。Eg：Professor: So, we’ll be examining the architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright and the philosophy behind his design. For Wright, the idea for each building’s structure had to evolve from and be in harmony with its site, the geographical qualities of its particular environment. This was the essence of a philosophy he developed called organic architecture. Out of all the buildings he designed perhaps the most significant embodiment of that philosophy is the building known as Falling Water.這是一篇建筑學(xué)的lecture，講解的建筑是Frank Lloyd Wright的 falling water 落水山莊，以及它背后所涉及到的建造理論。

3.以時(shí)間為主線，常見(jiàn)于歷史、考古學(xué)中。要么是某件事物本身的發(fā)展會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的變化變得越來(lái)越好，要么是人們對(duì)某個(gè)事物（比如某個(gè)文物）的看法隨著時(shí)間的變化而發(fā)生了改變。最后得出的結(jié)論大都是最新的結(jié)論要比以前的結(jié)論先進(jìn)一些。Eg：Professor: Probably the most important musical development of the twentieth century was the emergence of electronic music. The ability to generate sound electronically opened up many new possibilities for composers. So, let’s look at three major breakthroughs in this area.The first was magnetic tape as a recording medium.......Now, the next breakthrough was the synthesizer. ..........Professor: Right. Many composers don’t even use musical instruments anymore.這篇lecture 通過(guò)時(shí)間先后順序依次介紹了音樂(lè)的發(fā)展歷史，從magnetic tape到synthesizer再到computer。

4.教授通過(guò)同時(shí)談?wù)搩蓚€(gè)事物的特點(diǎn)、背景和地位等方面進(jìn)行對(duì)比。出現(xiàn)對(duì)比經(jīng)常會(huì)出細(xì)節(jié)題，考查兩種事物在某一方面的不同點(diǎn)。Eg：Professor: We’ve been talking about early civilizations. Those that existed seven to eight thousandyears ago. And today I’d like to talk about the switch from foraging, or searching for whatever wild food was available, to farming, intentionally cultivating crops.通過(guò)對(duì)比 foraging 和farming來(lái)講解知識(shí)點(diǎn)

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